The Relationship Between Exosomes and Cancer
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles derived from intracellular lysosomes that shuttle a variety of biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids and metabolites, and play a key role in regulating intercellular communication. Exosomes can be secreted by almost all types of cells, including immune cells, blood cells, neuronal cells, epithelial cells, and cancer cells. Exosomes contain various types of RNA molecules, including miRNA, mRNA, and even long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), which are significantly involved in the regulatory role of exosomes. Tumor cell-derived exosomes have important roles in reshaping the tumor microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis, metastasis and invasion, as well as regulating immune escape of tumor cells.
Roles of Exosome in cancer progression. (Von Schulze et al., 2020)
So, what is tumor microenvironment? The tumor microenvironment is the sum of cellular, molecular and physical environments surrounding the tumor, including tumor cells, immune cells, blood vessels, stroma, etc. The tumor microenvironment is closely related to tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. In the tumor microenvironment, exosomes carrying tumor cell information can smoothly transmit them to other cells and directly participate in the regulation of tumor growth and metastasis. For example, exosomes play an important function in mediating intercellular information transfer between tumor cells and TAM in the tumor microenvironment, which may provide new targets for anti-tumor therapy. And tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are among the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
How to Explore the Dynamics of Exosomal RNA in the Tumor Microenvironment
Exploring the dynamics of exosome RNA in the tumor microenvironment requires consideration of the following aspects.
Composition and types of exosome RNA
The composition and types of RNA of exosomes from different sources change. For exploring the dynamic changes of exosome RNA in the tumor microenvironment, the composition and trends of different sources and types of exosomal RNA need to be taken into account. For example, exosomal RNA released by tumor cells may contain some miRNAs related to tumorigenesis and progression, while exosomal RNA released by immune cells may contain some miRNAs related to immune regulation.
Secretion and uptake of exosome RNA
The secretion and uptake of exosomal RNA are important factors affecting the dynamics of exosomal RNA in the tumor microenvironment. The impact of different pathways on the uptake efficiency and biological function of exosomal RNA needs to be taken into account when designing study protocols. Tumor cells and other cells can release exosomes through different pathways, such as through exocytosis, exothermic agglutination and release, and vesicular structures on the cell surface. In turn, cells that take up exosomal RNA can also do so through different pathways, such as endocytosis, fusion, receptor-mediated, etc.
Interaction of exosomal RNA with other molecules in the tumor microenvironment
The interaction of exosomal RNA with other molecules in the tumor microenvironment is also a key factor in exploring the dynamic changes of exosome RNA in the tumor microenvironment. Exosomal RNA can influence the function of other cells and molecules in the tumor microenvironment by regulating target gene expression, thus affecting tumor growth, metastasis, and immune escape. Therefore, for exploring the dynamic changes of exosome RNA in the tumor microenvironment, the interaction relationship between exosomal RNA and other molecules in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the biological significance of the interaction and the mechanism of action need to be taken into account.
Quantification and Analysis Methods of Exosomal RNA
The quantification and analysis methods of exosomal RNA are also key factors in exploring the dynamic changes of exosomal RNA in the tumor microenvironment. Currently, commonly used methods for quantifying and analyzing exosomal RNA include qPCR, sequencing, microarray, etc. All these methods have their advantages, disadvantages and applicability, and it is necessary to choose the appropriate method for quantification and analysis according to the specific research questions and experimental design. The more commonly used method is RNA sequencing, which can analyze the sequence and expression level of all RNA molecules simultaneously, including exosomal RNA. RNA sequencing can comprehensively analyze the composition and species of exosomal RNA. The advantage of RNA sequencing is that all RNA molecules can be detected, not limited to known sequences, and thus new exosomal RNA species and unknown biological functions.
CD Genomics Exosome RNA Sequencing Service
Tumor-Derived Exosomal RNA Is Involved in the Regulation of the Tumor Microenvironment
Many studies have demonstrated that tumor-derived exosomes play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment for regulating macrophage polarity and mediating cancer-associated inflammation and tumor development.
Tumor microenvironment interactions. (Li et al., 2019)
Exosome miRNAs
In recent years, numerous studies have shown that exogenous miRNAs play a key role in tumor progression, stimulating angiogenesis and promoting metastasis. In addition, tumor-derived exosomal miRNAs polarize macrophages and target multiple signaling pathways, thereby positively or negatively influencing tumor progression. For example, exosomes carrying miR-203 from CRC cells incorporated into monocytes, as well as CRC cell-derived exosomes carrying miR-145 and miR-934 taken up by macrophages, are polarized to the M2 phenotype; exosomes secreted by colon cancer cells or gliomas deliver miR-1246 and induce a suppressive immune microenvironment. In addition, miRNAs in tumor cell-derived exosomes play an important role in regulating macrophage reprogramming and M1 polarization. For example, exosomes containing miR-130 or miR-33 increased the expression of M1 signature genes (IRF5, MCP1, CD80) and secretion of cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in TAM, which inhibited tumor progression by converting M2 to M1 phenotype.
Exosome lncRNAs
New studies have shown that lncRNAs play key regulatory roles in tumorigenesis, macrophage activation and polarization through different signaling pathways, and lncRNA-mediated crosstalk between TAM and cancer cells contributes to tumor progression.
For example, lncRNA RPPH1 has transferred from CRC cell-derived exosomes to macrophages, mediates M2 polarization of macrophages, increases expression of waveform proteins and Ki67, and decreases expression of E-calmodulin, thereby promoting metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells.
Exosome circRNA
It has been shown that circRNAs play a role in macrophage differentiation and polarization. For example, circASAP1 is thought to be a competitive endogenous RNA for repressive miR-326 and miR-532-5p that directly targets MAPK1/CSF-1 and mediates infiltration of TAMs through activation of the miR-326/miR-532-5p-MAPK1/CSF-1 pathway. The study of circRNAs carried by tumor-derived exosomes is still at an early stage, and the role they play in TME regulation needs to be further investigated.
Exosome-Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Exosome-based therapies are emerging as a cutting-edge strategy to inhibit tumor progression or enhance anti-tumor immunity. Studies have shown that exosomes can readily cross biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, and can be modified to improve efficiency. Due to their metastatic ability, lipid bilayer structure and unique surface proteins, exosomes can be used as nanoparticle carriers of drugs, nucleic acids and proteins to recipient cancer cells.
Exosome-based cancer therapies. (Von Schulze et al., 2020)
Given the crucial role of macrophages in exosome-mediated crosstalk, modulation of macrophages is an effective strategy for tumor therapy. Exosomes can be used as carriers of drugs and siRNAs to reverse M2 TAM-induced immunosuppression. In addition, reprogramming TAM to the M1 phenotype is another strategy. Treatment with mimetic nanovesicles of exosomes derived from M1 macrophages stimulates the polarization of M2 macrophages to the M1 phenotype in vitro and in vivo, and intravenous animal models inhibit tumor growth in vivo; the antitumor effect is further enhanced when combined with PD-L1.
Current therapeutic strategies focus on inhibiting the production of cancer cell-derived exosomes and blocking the uptake of specific exosomes by target cells. gw4869 is an inhibitor of exosome secretion and neutral sphingomyelinase that inhibits exosome production and achieves antitumor effects. Exosomes loaded with chemotherapeutic agents such as adriamycin and paclitaxel can be used as novel nano-agents that show efficient anti-cancer capabilities in mice, a model of cancer metastasis.
Read More: direct rna sequencing nanopore
References:
- Von Schulze, Alex, and Fengyan Deng. "A review on exosome-based cancer therapy." Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment 6 (2020): 42.
- Li, Irene, and Barzin Y. Nabet. "Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment as mediators of cancer therapy resistance." Molecular cancer 18 (2019): 1-10.
