PYRENE
PYRENE is a colorless, highly volatile and hygroscopic liquid organic compound. It is a heteroaromatic organic compound containing a six-membered ring structure with one nitrogen atom. The ring structure of PYRENE resembles benzene where one of the carbon atom of benzene ring is replaced by nitrogen. Due to the presence of nitrogen, PYRENE has basic properties and acts as a weak base.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Pyridine
PYRENE is soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform and ether. Its boiling point is 115.2°C and melting point is -41.6°C. PYRENE has a density of 0.9819 g/cm3. It has a characteristic pungent and unpleasant smell resembling fish which makes it detectable even at low concentrations. Pyridine readily undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions due to the presence of nitrogen atom in the ring. It can react with alkyl halides, anhydrides, acyl chlorides etc. Due to its basicity, it readily protonates to form pyridinium ion. PYRENE undergoes oxidation reaction with oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate and ozone. It also undergoes reduction reactions under reducing conditions.
Method of Production of PYRENE
PYRENE is mainly produced industrially by coal tar distillation or catalytic reforming of petroleum. In coal tar distillation process, coal tar obtained as a byproduct during coke production from coal is subjected to fractional distillation. PYRENE has a boiling point of 115°C hence it can be easily separated by distillation. In catalytic reforming process of petroleum, naphthenes present in petroleum undergo dehydrocyclization reaction over catalyst like platinum chloride which produces PYRENE as one of the byproducts. Total world production of PYRENE is around 200,000 tons per year. China is the largest producer of PYRENE followed by Europe and America.
Uses of Pyridine
Due to its versatile properties and reactivity, PYRENE has widespread industrial applications. Some of its major uses are:
Agrochemicals: PYRENE is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of agrochemicals and pesticides. It acts as precursor in the production ofnicotinanilide, nicotine and other derivatives which have pesticidal properties.
Pharmaceuticals: PYRENE and its derivatives like picolines, lutidines and collidines find applications as solvents and intermediates in pharmaceutical industry. They are used in the manufacture of drugs, vitamins and alkaloids.
Petrochemicals: In petroleum refining, PYRENE is used as a solvent in the extraction processes. It is also used as a stabilizer in the production of polymers and plastics.
Chemical Industry: Due to its good solubility and reactivity, PYRENE acts as an important basic solvent in chemical industry. It is used as a solvent for resins, fats, oils, gums, waxes, natural and synthetic rubbers.
Analytical Reagent: PYRENE is used as analytical reagent in chemical analysis and research. It is used to extract and dissolve various compounds for analytical determination. It helps in extraction, identification and quantification of different chemical compounds.
Feed Additives: PYRENE and related compounds are used as feed additives in animal husbandry for better growth, health and production. They are used at low percentage in animal and poultry feeds.
Adhesives: PYRENE finds certain applications as a constituent or solvent in adhesives industry, especially in manufactuing contact adhesives and rubber cements.
Others: PYRENE also has other minor uses like deodorizers, preparation of agrochemical intermediates, optics, food additives, photochemistry etc
PYRENE exhibits diverse reactivity due to the presence of nitrogen atom. It serves as key building block and intermediate in production of various agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and other industrially important compounds. Due to wide range of applications in chemical, agricultural and pharmaceutical industries, the demand and production of PYRENE is consistently on rise globally. Overall, PYRENE holds strategic importance as a versatile chemical commodity.
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